The self-confidence of dental students in oral surgery / La autoconfianza de los estudiantes de odontología en cirugía oral

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study is to evaluate the self-confidence of undergraduate students and thus to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of oral surgery education from the students' perspectives. A survey was conducted by preparing a questionnaire to assess the the self-confidence of students in performing oral surgery. Survey questions have been imported to Google Forms®. It was then electronically delivered to the students through the Turkish Dental Association. Regarding the data, besides the frequency and percentage distributions, the relationship between the variables was analyzed using the Chi-Square test. A total of 615 students, including 386 female and 229 male students, participated in this study. Of the students, 62.4% were 5th year and 37.56% were 4th year students. According to the survey, it was observed that male students and 5th year students were in general more confident in themselves. Students had low self-confidence in differentiating between odontogenic and non- odontogenic pain and recognizing malignant lesions or lesions with high malignant potential. In the oral surgery curriculum, subjects in which the students have issues should be identified and more emphasis should be placed on them. Oral pathology as well as head and neck anatomy courses should be emphasized further, priority should be given to case-based courses, and reminder presentations should be made at certain intervals. In addition, considering that practice is important for gaining self- confidence, students must practice more under the supervision of instructors in the areas in which they feel inadequate.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la autoconfianza de los estudiantes de pregrado y así resaltar las fortalezas y debilidades de la educación en cirugía oral desde la perspectiva de los estudiantes. Se realizó una encuesta mediante la elaboración de un cuestionario para evaluar la autoconfianza de los estudiantes en la realización de cirugía oral. Las preguntas de la encuesta se importaron a Google Forms®. Luego se les entregó electrónicamente a los estudiantes a través de la Asociación Dental Turca. En cuanto los datos, además de las distribuciones de frecuencia y porcentaje, se analizó tambien la relación entre las variables mediante la prueba Chi-Cuadrado. Se participaron 386 estudiantes femininas y 229 estudiantes masculinos en este estudio, un total de 615 personas. El 62,4% de los estudiantes eran del 5º año y el 37,56% eran estudiantes del 4º año. Según la encuesta, se observó que los estudiantes masculinos y los estudiantes del 5º año tenían en general más confianza en sí mismos. Los estudiantes tenían poca confianza en sí mismos para diferenciar entre dolor odontogénico y no odontogénico y reconocer lesiones malignas o lesiones malignas con alto potencial. En el plan de estudios de cirugía oral, se deben identificar las materias en las que los estudiantes tienen problemas y se debe poner más énfasis en ellas. Se debe enfatizar aún más los cursos de patología oral, así como de anatomía de cabeza y cuello. Se debe dar prioridad a los cursos basados en casos, y se deben hacer presentaciones recordatorias a ciertos intervalos. Además, considerando que la práctica es importante para aumentar la autoconfianza, los estudiantes deben practicar más bajo la supervisión de instructores en las áreas en las que se sienten inadecuados.

El sujeto según Sartre y Lacan. Encuentros y desencuentros entre fenomenología y psicoanálisis / The subject according to Sartre and Lacan. Encounters and disagreements between phenomenology and psychoanalysis

Este trabajo consiste en comparar el concepto de sujeto propuesto por Jacques Lacan al psicoanálisis con la concepción de subjetividad que puede deducirse de la obra de Jean-Paul Sartre que da lugar a su propuesta de un psicoanálisis existencial

This work consists of comparing the concept of subject proposed by Jacques Lacan to psychoanalysis with the conception of subjectivity that can be deduced from the work of Jean-Paul Sartre that gives rise to his proposal of an existential psychoanalysis

Um comentário sobre a "experiência" na objetividade científica e no sintoma psicanalítico / A comment on "experience" in scientific objectivity and in the psychoanalytical approach of the symptom / Un comentario acerca de la "experiencia" en la objetividad científica y en el síntoma psicoanalítico

O texto discute a noção de "experiência" no pensamento filosófico e científico moderno, partindo de sua análise na Crítica da Razão Pura, de Kant, e a "experiência" em questão na psicanálise, visando enfim a elaboração de Lacan sobre o sintoma psicanalítico. Tratamos inicialmente da "Coisa-em-si" na Crítica da Razão Pura enquanto algo de real e alheio ao sujeito do conhecimento. Essa "Coisa-em-si" cede aí seu lugar à "Ideia da Razão", que vai finalmente garantir a orientação em jogo no progresso infinito da ciência. Já a "orientação do real" em Lacan conduz a uma abordagem do sintoma que permite discernir o campo próprio da psicanálise no mundo da ciência, cujo limite real e inultrapassável ele testemunha. Enfim, nas conferências de Lacan sobre James Joyce e no seminário Le sinthome, pelo modo que ele compreende a produção científica em sua "emergência histórica", destaca-se uma aproximação surpreendente com a experiência do sintoma a que uma análise conduz, enquanto modo de "amarração" ou "escrita" do real.

The article discusses the notion of "experience" in modern philosophical and scientific thought, as we find it in Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, and in pshychoanalysis, aiming at Jacques Lacan's elaboration on the psychoanalytical symptom. Initially we deal with the "Thing-in-itself" in the Critique of Pure Reason as something real, alien to the subject of knowledge. The "Thing-in-itself" gives way to the "Idea of Reason", which will finally grant science its due orientation towards infinite progress. On the other hand, Lacan's "orientation of the real" leads him to an understanding of the psychoanalytical symptom that will allow for a proper demarcation of the field of psychoanalysis within the world of science, whose real and insurmountable limitations are thus evidenced. Finally, in Lacan's conferences on James Joyce and in the seminar Le sinthome, as we follow his views on science in its "historical emergence", we can find a surprising convergence between scientific production and the experience of the symptom, as both engage in a sort of "tying" or "writing" of the real.

El texto discute la noción de "experiencia" en el pensamiento filosófico y científico moderno desde su análisis en la Crítica de la Razón Pura, de Kant, y la "experiencia" en el psicoanálisis, tiendo como objetivo final la elaboración de Lacan sobre el síntoma psicoanalítico. Tratamos inicialmente de la "cosa-en-si" en la Crítica de la Razón Pura como algo real y ajeno al sujeto del conocimiento. Esa "cosa-en-si" da su lugar a la "idea de razón", que finalmente podrá asegurar la orientación que se encuentra en el progreso infinito de la ciencia. Ya la "orientación del real" en Lacan conduce a un enfoque del síntoma que permite discernir el campo del psicoanálisis en el mundo de la ciencia, cuyo límite real e insuperable testifica. Por último, en las conferencias de Lacan sobre James Joyce y en el seminario le sinthome, por la forma como entiende la producción científica en su "emergencia histórica", destacamos una sorprendente aproximación con la experiencia del síntoma a que un análisis conduce, como modo de atar o escribir el real.

Desarrollo de una escala de medición de la resiliencia con mexicanos (RESI-M) / Construction of a measurement scale of resilience in mexicans (RESI-M)

Las personas que viven situaciones muy adversas, pueden sufrir consecuencias muy serias en su desarrollo psicológico. Sin embargo, se ha podido constatar que algunos individuos logran no solo superar la adversidad, sino incluso salir fortalecidos de ella. A estas personas se las llama resilientes. La resiliencia no es unidimensional o un atributo dicotómico que las personas tienen o no tienen; implica la posesión de múltiples habilidades en varios grados que ayudan a los individuos a afrontar (Reivich & Shatté, 2002). El objetivo del trabajo que se informa fue desarrollar un instrumento con población mexicana (Escala de Resiliencia Mexicana, RESI-M), tomando como base dos escalas que miden la resiliencia en adultos: The Connor - Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) de Connor y Davidson (1999) y The Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA) de Friborg, Hjemdal, Rosenvinge y Martinussen (2001) para lo cual participaron 217 sujetos de 18 a 25 años, de ambos sexos. Los resultados muestran que 43 ítemes cargaron en cinco factores: (1) Fortaleza y confianza en sí mismo, (2) Competencia social, (3) Apoyo familiar, (4) Apoyo social y (5) Estructura. Asimismo, se observó que existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los factores de la resiliencia, de acuerdo con el sexo, la edad y el estado civil, observándose que las mujeres obtienen puntajes más altos en apoyo social, el grupo de más edad tiene un mayor promedio en competencia social y apoyo familiar y final-mente las personas casadas se sienten más fuertes y con más confianza en sí mismas y los solteros perciben un mayor apoyo social en comparación con los casados.

People who live through adverse situations may experience serious consequences in their psychological development. However there is evidence that show that many individuals have not only been able to overcome such difficulties but have emerged stronger from them. These people we may call resilient. Resilience is not a dimensional or a dichotomous attribute that individuals have or have not; it implies the possession of multiple habilities in some level that help individual to cope (Reivich & Shatté, 2002). The object of the current study has been to develop a scale with Mexican population (Mexican Resilience Scale RESI-M) the use of two scales which may be used to measure resilience in adults. The Connor- Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC, 1999) and the Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA - Friborg, Hjemdal, Rosenvinge, & Martinussen, (001)). The research included 217 adults between the ages 17 to 25 of both sexes. The results showed that of the 43 recognized items, five factors have been formed. (1) Strength and confidence in theirselves: Personal competition, high standards and determination. It is the conviction that one is sufficiently prepared to be able to face any situation that appears even if unforeseen. It is the conviction that, although not all the answers might be known, one can look for them and find them. It refers to the set of positive expectations on oneself or more specific oneself actions, as well as to the aptitude to accept or to cope with events in spite of the stress that they may inflict with it. (2) Social competence: Capacity or ability of the subject to interact in a successful way with his environment and to achieve the legitimate satisfaction of his needs, upon exercising determined influence on his similar (in the sense of to be taken into account), is a quality very related to the health, the emotional adjustment and the welfare of the individuals. (3) Family support: It refers to the time that the members of the family share, the loyalty that exists among them and the fortress of the family ties. (4) Social support: It refers tothe existing links among the subject and a definite assembly of people, with which is feasible the exchange of communication, solidarity and confidence. (5) Structure: It is understood like the rules and the activities that carry out the people and that facilitate them to have organization and order in their life. At the same time they observed the existence of statistical differences in the factors of the resilience according to gender, age and marital status, observing that women obtained higher scores in social support, the older group has higher scores in social competence and familiar support and finally, married people feel emotionally stronger and higher self-confidence and single group senses higher supported (social support) than married. To conclude we can affirm that according to the results of this study, it can be observed that this construct is multidimensional since includes abilities of diverse type that help the individuals to cope in life. The RESI-M contains five dimensions, in which they are grouped some of the characteristics that emphasize the resilient answers in different levels: individual, family and social. The individual level is very important since this related to behaviors such as to set goals, to be motivated, to be engaged, to have self-control, to be responsible, to make decisions, to confront pacific and objectively the problems, to have an internal locus of control and a sense of life, as well as to be optimist, they are very powerful tools to confront difficult situations. It is considered besides that the family support is the most important social backup, since is in the family breast where is educated the children, security offers them and so much material as emotional support. Nevertheless other sources of support exist such as the school, the friends, the tutors, among others, that also they respond to the needs of the individuals.